No todas las tormentas solares presentan un flujo de electrones. Las que más están desconcertando a los científicos son las tormentas solares que van acompañadas de flujo de protones. La razón: Las anomalías geomagnéticas y las fluctuaciones en la capa de ozono.
Los recientes hallazgos tienen especial consideración por los científicos, especialmente cuando se trata de tormentas de protones. Durante los últimos 3 días la actividad solar ha estado protagonizada por un inusual perfil de tormenta, en el que ha predominado el flujo de protones de una forma absolutamente inusual.
Reproducimos seguidamente el perfil de la gráfica NOAA correspondiente a los últimos tres días.
Los picos reportados hasta ahora, normalmente no rebasaban los 1600 , para una tormenta de tipo M 7. En esta ocasión el pico ha superado los 1741, por lo que estamos hablando de una tormenta de tipo M7.9.
Está claro que este tipo de tormentas presenta una incidencia geomagnética especial, relacionada con las variaciones en la capa de Ozono y otros eventos de inversión térmica en la atmósfera, pero también están relacionados con eventuales anomalías gravitacionales.
Seguidamente ofrecemos e detalle de todos los registros históricos en los que se han reportado tormentas de protones y su relación cronológica con indicación de los máximos/día, según las mediciones de NOAA:
| PARTICLE EVENT | ASSOCIATED CME, FLARE, AND ACTIVE REGION | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Start (Day/UT) | Maximum (Day/UT) | Proton Flux (pfu @ >10 MeV) | Year | CME | Maximum (Day/UT) | Importance (X ray/Opt) | Location | NOAA SEC Region No. |
| 1976 | ||||||||
| Apr 30/2120 | May 01/1700 | 12 | Apr 30/2114 | X2/2B | S09W47 | 700 | ||
| 1977 | ||||||||
| Sep 19/1430 | Sep 19/2130 | 200 | Sep 19/1054 | X2/3B | N08W58 | 889 | ||
| Nov 22/1400 | Nov 22/1800 | 160 | Nov 22/1006 | X1/2N | N24W38 | 939 | ||
| 1978 | ||||||||
| Feb 13/0930 | Feb 14/1000 | 850 | Feb 13/0255 | M7/0B | N22W13 | 1001 | ||
| Apr 11/1530 | Apr 11/1630 | 65 | Apr 11/1353 | X2/2B | N19W54 | 1057 | ||
| Apr 29/0445 | Apr 30/2000 | 1,000 | Apr 28/1306 | X5/4B | N22E41 | 1092 | ||
| May 07/0420 | May 07/0420 | 100 | May 07/0330 | X2/2B | N22W64 | 1095 | ||
| Jun 02/0730 | Jun 02/0935 | 19 | May 31/1009 | M5/2B | N23W50 | 1129 | ||
| Jun 24/0900 | Jun 25/0230 | 25 | Jun 22/1709 | M2/3B | N19E18 | 1164 | ||
| Jul 13/0300 | Jul 13/1000 | 20 | ||||||
| Sep 23/1035 | Sep 24/0400 | 2,200 | Sep 23/1023 | X1/3B | N35W50 | 1294 | ||
| Nov 10/2130 | Nov 10/2140 | 38 | Nov 10/0042 | M1/2N | N17E02 | 1385 | ||
| 1979 | ||||||||
| Feb 17/2020 | Feb 17/2205 | 31 | Feb 16/0200 | X2/2B | N15E48 | 1574 | ||
| Apr 03/1600 | Apr 03/2310 | 45 | ||||||
| Jun 06/1850 | Jun 07/0005 | 950 | Jun 05/0529 | X2/1N | N20E16 | 1781 | ||
| Jul 07/0015 | Jul 07/1010 | 50 | ||||||
| Aug 19/0850 | Aug 21/0740 | 500 | Aug 18/1416 | X6/1B | N10E90 | 1943 | ||
| Sep 15/1500 | Sep 16/1200 | 60 | Sep 14/0802 | X2/ | N10E90 | 1994 | ||
| Nov 16/0430 | Nov 16/1300 | 75 | Nov 15/1639 | M1/0B | N34W2 | 2110 | ||
| 1980 | ||||||||
| Feb 06/1340 | Feb 06/1850 | 12 | ||||||
| Jul 17/2300 | Jul 19/1930 | 100 | Jul 17/0603 | M3/1B | S12E0 | 2562 | ||
| 1981 | ||||||||
| Mar 30/0900 | Mar 30/2115 | 30 | Mar 30/0049 | M3/2N | N13W7 | 2993 | ||
| Apr 10/1745 | Apr 11/1400 | 50 | Apr 10/1655 | X2/3B | N09W4 | 3025 | ||
| Apr 24/1515 | Apr 24/2330 | 160 | Apr 24/1400 | X5/2B | N18W5 | 3049 | ||
| May 09/1200 | May 10/2130 | 150 | May 08/2252 | M7/2B | N09E3 | 3099 | ||
| May 15/0300 | May 16/1950 | 130 | May 13/0425 | X1/3B | N11E5 | 3106 | ||
| Jul 20/1430 | Jul 20/1825 | 100 | Jul 20/1329 | M5/1B | S26W7 | 3204 | ||
| Jul 25/0600 | Jul 25/1320 | 18 | ||||||
| Aug 10/0115 | Aug/10 0435 | 57 | Aug 07/1916 | M4/2B | S10E2 | 3257 | ||
| Oct 08/1235 | Oct 13/2247 | 2,000 | Oct 07/2308 | X3/1B | S19E8 | 3390 | ||
| Dec 10/0545 | Dec 11/0900 | 65 | Dec 09/1854 | M5/3B | N12W1 | 3496 | ||
| 1982 | ||||||||
| Jan 31/0055 | Jan 31/1630 | 830 | Jan 30/2358 | X1/3B | S13E1 | 3576 | ||
| Jun 06/0245 | Jun 06/0245 | 10 | Jun 03/1146 | X8/2B | S09E7 | 3763 | ||
| Jun 09/0040 | Jun 09/0510 | 30 | Jun 06/167 | X12/3 | S11E | 3763 | ||
| Jul 11/0700 | Jul 13/1615 | 2,900 | Jul 09/0742 | X9/3B | N17E7 | 3804 | ||
| Jul 22/2030 | Jul 23/0220 | 240 | Jul 22/1734 | M4/0F | N29W8 | 3804 | ||
| Sep 05/2205 | Sep 06/0100 | 66 | Sep 04/0400 | M4/3N | N11E3 | 3886 | ||
| Nov 22/1940 | Nov 22/2140 | 40 | Nov 22/1828 | M7/1N | S11W4 | 3994 | ||
| Nov 26/0605 | Nov 26/1500 | 25 | Nov 26/0253 | X4/2B | S11W8 | 3994 | ||
| Dec 08/0010 | Dec 08/1000 | 1,000 | Dec 07/2354 | X2/0B | S14W8 | 4007 | ||
| Dec 17/1845 | Dec 18/0945 | 130 | Dec 15/0202 | X12/2 | S10E | 4026 | ||
| Dec 19/1920 | Dec 20/0515 | 85 | Dec 19/1624 | M9/2B | N10W7 | 4022 | ||
| Dec 27/0600 | Dec 27/1345 | 190 | Dec 25/0752 | X2/1B | S14E3 | 4033 | ||
| 1983 | ||||||||
| Feb 03/1200 | Feb 04/1620 | 340 | Feb 03/0619 | X4/3B | S19W0 | 4077 | ||
| Jun 15/0435 | Jun 15/1800 | 18 | Jun 14/???? | ??/?? | S09W90 | 4201 | ||
| 1984 | ||||||||
| Feb 16/0915 | Feb 16/1005 | 660 | Feb 16 | ??/?? | S12W90 | 4408 | ||
| Feb 19/1310 | Feb 21/1415 | 55 | Feb 17/2301 | X2/2B | N16E82 | 4421 | ||
| Mar 13/1440 | Mar 13/1450 | 10 | ||||||
| Mar 14/0405 | Mar 14/0505 | 100 | Mar 14/0334 | M2/2B | S12W42 | 4433 | ||
| Apr 25/1330 | Apr 26/1420 | 2,500 | Apr 25/0005 | X13/3B | S12E43 | 4474 | ||
| May 24/1045 | May 24/1140 | 31 | May 22/1503 | M6/2B | S09E24 | 4492 | ||
| May 31/1315 | May 31/1415 | 15 | May 31/1142 | M1/?? | S09W90 | 4492 | ||
| 1985 | ||||||||
| Jan 22/0415 | Jan 22/0550 | 14 | Jan 21/2350 | X4/2B | S08W38 | 4617 | ||
| Apr 25/1430 | Apr 26/0600 | 160 | Apr 24/0935 | X1/3B | N06E27 | 4647 | ||
| Jul 09/0235 | Jul 09/0325 | 140 | Jul 09/0204 | M2/1B | S16W36 | 4671 | ||
| 1986 | ||||||||
| Feb 06/0925 | Feb 07/1730 | 130 | Feb 06/0625 | X1/3B | S04W06 | 4711 | ||
| Feb 14/1155 | Feb 15/0400 | 130 | Feb 14/0929 | M6/1B | N01W76 | 4713 | ||
| Mar 06/1835 | Mar 06/1930 | 21 | Mar 06/1703 | C4/1F | N02E01 | 4717 | ||
| May 04/1255 | May 04/1320 | 16 | May 04/1007 | M1/?? | N06W90 | 4717 | ||
| 1987 | ||||||||
| Nov 08/0200 | Nov 08/0940 | 120 | Nov 07/2014 | M1/?? | N31W90 | 4875 | ||
| 1988 | ||||||||
| Jan 02/2325 | Jan 03/0835 | 92 | Jan 02/2145 | X1/3B | S34W18 | 4912 | ||
| Mar 25/2225 | Mar 25/2330 | 58 | Mar 25/2145 | EPL | N22W90 | 4965 | ||
| Jun 30/1055 | Jun 30/1140 | 21 | Jun 30/0906 | M9/2B | S16E22 | 5060 | ||
| Aug 26/0000 | Aug 26/0045 | 42 | Aug 23/1804 | M2/EPL | N24E90 | 5125 | ||
| Oct 12/0920 | Oct 12/0930 | 12 | Oct 12/0511 | X2/2N | S20W66 | 5175 | ||
| Nov 08/2225 | Nov 09/0635 | 13 | Nov 07/1105 | M3/1N | S17W47 | 5212 | ||
| Nov 14/0130 | Nov 14/0235 | 13 | Nov 13/2309 | M3/1N | S23W27 | 5227 | ||
| Dec 17/0610 | Dec 17/0855 | 18 | Dec 15/0505 | X1/1N | N27E59 | 5278 | ||
| Dec 17/2000 | Dec 18/0150 | 29 | Dec 16/0841 | X4/1B | N26E37 | 5278 | ||
| 1989 | ||||||||
| Jan 04/2305 | Jan 05/0130 | 28 | Jan 04/1753 | M4/1N | S20W60 | 5303 | ||
| Mar 08/1735 | Mar 13/0645 | 3,500 | Mar 06/1405 | X15/3B | N35E69 | 5395 | ||
| Mar 17/1855 | Mar 18/0920 | 2,000 | Mar 17/1744 | X6/2B | N33W60 | 5395 | ||
| Mar 23/2040 | Mar 24/0110 | 53 | Mar 23/1948 | X1/3B | N18W28 | 5409 | ||
| Apr 11/1435 | Apr 12/0125 | 450 | Apr 09/0105 | X3/4B | N35E29 | 5441 | ||
| May 05/0905 | May 05/1000 | 27 | May 04/1115 | M5/2N | S20W36 | 5464 | ||
| May 06/0235 | May 06/1045 | 110 | May 05/0737 | X2/3B | N30E01 | 5470 | ||
| May 23/1135 | May 23/1350 | 68 | ||||||
| May 24/0730 | May 24/0905 | 15 | May 22/0037 | M5/2B | S21E16 | 5497 | ||
| Jun 18/1650 | Jun 18/1910 | 18 | Jun 18/1447 | C4/0F | N12W31 | 5534 | ||
| Jun 30/0655 | Jun 30/0710 | 17 | Jun 29/2127 | M3/2B | N26W60 | 5555 | ||
| Jul 01/0655 | Jul 01/0720 | 17 | ||||||
| Jul 25/0900 | Jul 25/1225 | 54 | Jul 25/0844 | X2/2N | N25W84 | 5603 | ||
| Aug 12/1600 | Aug 13/0710 | 9,200 | Aug 12/1427 | X2/2B | S16W37 | 5629 | ||
| Sep 04/0120 | Sep 04/0510 | 44 | Sep 03/1432 | X1/1B | S18E16 | 5669 | ||
| Sep 12/1935 | Sep 13/0825 | 57 | Sep 12/0814 | M5/EPL | S18W79 | 5669 | ||
| Sep 29/1205 | Sep 30/0210 | 4,500 | Sep 29/1133 | X9/EPL | S26W90 | 5698 | ||
| Oct 06/0050 | Oct 06/0825 | 22 | ||||||
| Oct 19/1305 | Oct 20/1600 | 40,000 | Oct 19/1258 | X13/4B | S27E10 | 5747 | ||
| Nov 09/0240 | Nov 09/0610 | 43 | ||||||
| Nov 15/0735 | Nov 15/0910 | 71 | Nov 15/0659 | X3/3B | N11W26 | 5786 | ||
| Nov 27/2000 | Nov 28/1105 | 380 | Nov 25/2355 | X1/2N | N30E05 | 5800 | ||
| Nov 30/1345 | Dec 01/1340 | 7,300 | Nov 30/1229 | X2/3B | N26W59 | 5800 | ||
| 1990 | ||||||||
| Mar 19/0705 | Mar 19/2315 | 950 | Mar 19/0508 | X1/2B | N31W43 | 5969 | ||
| Mar 29/0915 | Mar 29/1005 | 16 | Mar 28/0751 | M4/2N | S04W37 | 5988 | ||
| Apr 07/2240 | Apr 08/1330 | 18 | Apr 04/1338 | M7/0N | N22E72 | 6007 | ||
| Apr 11/2120 | Apr 11/2130 | 13 | ||||||
| Apr 17/0500 | Apr 17/0655 | 12 | Apr 15/0302 | X1/2B | N32E39 | 6022 | ||
| Apr 28/1005 | Apr 28/1735 | 150 | ||||||
| May 21/2355 | May 22/0750 | 410 | May 21/2219 | X5/2B | N35W36 | 6063 | ||
| May 24/2125 | May 25/0115 | 180 | May 24/2051 | X9/1B | N33W78 | 6063 | ||
| May 28/0715 | May 29/0100 | 45 | ||||||
| Jun 12/1140 | Jun 12/1700 | 79 | Jun 12/0541 | M6/2B | N10W33 | 6089 | ||
| Jul 26/1720 | Jul 26/2315 | 21 | ||||||
| Aug 01/0000 | Aug 01/2015 | 230 | Jul 30/0736 | M4/2B | N20E45 | 6180 | ||
| 1991 | ||||||||
| Jan 31/1130 | Jan 31/1620 | 240 | Jan 31/0230 | X1/2B | S17W35 | 6469 | ||
| Feb 25/1210 | Feb 25/1305 | 13 | Feb 25/0819 | X1/2N | S16W80 | 6497 | ||
| Mar 23/0820 | Mar 24/0350 | 43,000 | Mar 22/2247 | X9/3B | S26E28 | 6555 | ||
| Mar 29/2120 | Mar 30/0330 | 20 | ||||||
| Apr 03/0815 | Apr 04/1000 | 52 | Apr 02/2327 | M6/3B | N14W00 | 6562 | ||
| May 13/0300 | May 13/0910 | 350 | May 13/0144 | M8 | S09W90 | 6615 | ||
| May 31/1225 | Jun 01/0445 | 22 | ||||||
| Jun 04/0820 | Jun 11/1420 | 3,000 | Jun 04/0352 | X12/3B | N30E70 | 6659 | ||
| Jun 14/2340 | Jun 15/1950 | 1,400 | Jun 15/0821 | X12/3B | N33W69 | 6659 | ||
| Jun 30/0755 | Jul 02/1010 | 110 | Jun 28/0626 | M6 | N30E85 | 6703 | ||
| Jul 07/0455 | Jul 08/1645 | 2,300 | Jul 07/0223 | X1/2B | N26E03 | 6703 | ||
| Jul 11/0240 | Jul 11/0450 | 30 | Jul 10/1228 | M3/2N | S22E34 | 6718 | ||
| Jul 11/2255 | Jul 12/0205 | 14 | ||||||
| Aug 26/1740 | Aug 27/1830 | 240 | Aug 25/0115 | X2/2B | N25E64 | 6805 | ||
| Oct 01/1740 | Oct 01/1810 | 12 | Sep 29/1533 | M7/4B | S21E32 | 6853 | ||
| Oct 28/1300 | Oct 28/1440 | 40 | Oct 27/0548 | X6/3B | S13E15 | 6891 | ||
| Oct 30/0745 | Oct 30/0810 | 94 | Oct 30/0634 | X2/3B | S08W25 | 6891 | ||
| 1992 | ||||||||
| Feb 07/0645 | Feb 07/1115 | 78 | Feb 06/1048 | M4/2B | S13W10 | 7042 | ||
| Mar 16/0840 | Mar 16/0840 | 10 | Mar 15/0154 | M7/3B | S14E29 | 7100 | ||
| May 09/1005 | May 09/2100 | 4,600 | May 08/1546 | M7/4B | S26E08 | 7154 | ||
| Jun 25/2045 | Jun 26/0610 | 390 | Jun 25/2014 | X3/2B | N09W67 | 7205 | ||
| Aug 06/1145 | Aug 06/1210 | 14 | Aug 03/0706 | M4/1N | S09E68 | 7248 | ||
| Oct 30/1920 | Oct 31/0710 | 2,700 | Oct 30/1816 | X1/2B | S22W61 | 7321 | ||
| 1993 | ||||||||
| Mar 04/1505 | Mar 04/1735 | 17 | Mar 04/1240 | C8/2N | S14W56 | 7434 | ||
| Mar 12/2010 | Mar 13/0155 | 44 | Mar 12/1815 | M7/3B | S00W51 | 7440 | ||
| 1994 | ||||||||
| Feb 20/0300 | Feb 21/0900 | 10,000 | Feb 20/0141 | M4/3B | N09W02 | 7671 | ||
| Oct 20/0030 | Oct 20/0340 | 35 | Oct 19/2127 | M3/1F | N12W24 | 7790 | ||
| 1995 | ||||||||
| Oct 20/0825 | Oct 20/1210 | 63 | Oct 20/0607 | M1/0F | S09W55 | 7912 | ||
| 1996 | ||||||||
| None | ||||||||
| 1997 | ||||||||
| Nov 04/0830 | Nov 04/1120 | 72 | W/04 0610 | Nov 04/0558 | X2/2B | S14W33 | 8100 | |
| Nov 06/1305 | Nov 07/0255 | 490 | W/06 >1300 | Nov 06/1155 | X9/2B | S18W63 | 8100 | |
| 1998 | ||||||||
| Apr 20/1400 | Apr 21/1205 | 1,700 | W/20 1007 | Apr 20/1021 | M1/EPL | S43W90 | 8194 | |
| May 02/1420 | May 02/1650 | 150 | Halo/02 1406 | May 02/1342 | X1/3B | S15W15 | 8210 | |
| May 06/0845 | May 06/0945 | 210 | W/06 0829 | May 06/0809 | X2/1N | S11W65 | 8210 | |
| Aug 24/2355 | Aug 26/1055 | 670 | NA | Aug 24/2212 | X1/3B | N30E07 | 8307 | |
| Sep 25/0010 | Sep 25/0130 | 44 | NA | Sep 23/0713 | M7/3B | N18E09 | 8340 | |
| Sep 30/1520 | Oct 01/0025 | 1,200 | NA | Sep 30/1350 | M2/2N | N23W81 | 8340 | |
| Nov 08/0245 | Nov 08/0300 | 11 | ? | none | ||||
| Nov 14/0810 | Nov 14/1240 | 310 | NA | Nov 14/0518 | C1/BSL | N28W90 | 8375? | |
| 1999 | ||||||||
| Jan 23/1105 | Jan 23/1135 | 14 | NA | Jan 20/2005 | M5 | N27E90 | ? | |
| Apr 24/1804 | Apr 25/0055 | 32 | Halo/24 1331 | none | ||||
| May 05/1820 | May 05/1955 | 14 | Halo/03 0606 | May 3/0602 | M4/N2 | N15E32 | 8525 | |
| Jun 02/0245 | Jun 02/1010 | 48 | Halo/01 <1937 | Jun 01/~1930 | CME | W limb | ||
| Jun 04/0925 | Jun 04/1055 | 64 | NW/04 0726 | Jun 04/0703 | M3/2B | N17W69 | 8552 | |
| 2000 | ||||||||
| Feb 18/1130 | Feb 18/1215 | 13 | W/18 0954 | Feb 17/2035 | M1/2N | S29E07 | 8872 | |
| Apr 04/2055 | Apr 05/0930 | 55 | W/04 1632 | Apr 04/1541 | C9/2F | N16W66 | 8933 | |
| Jun 07/1335 | Jun 08/0940 | 84 | Halo/06 1554 | Jun 06/1525 | X2/3B | N20E18 | 9026 | |
| Jun 10/1805 | Jun 10/2045 | 46 | Halo/10 1708 | Jun 10/1702 | M5/3B | N22/W38 | 9026 | |
| Jul 14/1045 | Jul 15/1230 | 24,000 | Halo/14 1054 | Jul 14/1024 | X5/3B | N22/W07 | 9077 | |
| Jul 22/1320 | Jul 22/1405 | 17 | NW/22 1230 | Jul 22/1134 | M3/2N | N14/W56 | 9085 | |
| Jul 28/1050 | Jul 28/1130 | 18 | ||||||
| Aug 11/1650 | Aug 11/1655 | 17 | ||||||
| Sep 12/1555 | Sep 13/0340 | 320 | Halo/12 1331 | Sep 12/1213 | M1/2N | S17W09 | ||
| Oct 16/1125 | Oct 16/1840 | 15 | Halo/16 0727 | Oct 16/0728 | M2 | N04W90 | 9182: | |
| Oct 26/0040 | Oct 26/0340 | 15 | Halo/25 0826 | Oct 25/1125 | M2 | N00W90 | ||
| Nov 08/2350 | Nov 09/1600 | 14,800 | Halo/08 2306 | Nov 08/2328 | M7/multiple | N00-10W75-80 | 9212, 9213, 9218 | |
| Nov 24/1520 | Nov 26/2030 | 942 | Halo/24 0530 | Nov 24/0502 | X2/3B | N20W05 | 9236 | |
| 2001 | ||||||||
| Jan 28/2025 | Jan 29/0655 | 49 | Halo/28 1554 | Jan 28/1600 | M1/1N | S04W59 | 9313 | |
| Mar 29/1635 | Mar 30/0610 | 35 | Halo/29 1026 | Mar 29/1015 | X1/1N | N24W12 | 9393 | |
| Apr 02/2340 | Apr 03/0745 | 1110 | NW /02 2200 | Apr 02/2151 | X20/ | N14W82 | 9393 | |
| Apr 10/0850 | Apr 11/2055 | 355 | halo/10 0530 | Apr 10/0526 | X2/3B | S23W09 | 9415 | |
| Apr 15/1410 | Apr 15/1920 | 951 | W /15 1430 | Apr 15/1350 | X14/2B | S20W85 | 9415 | |
| Apr 18/0315 | Apr 18/1045 | 321 | SW /18 0230 | Apr 18/0214 | C2/2B | S20W limb | 9415 | |
| Apr 28/0430 | Apr 28/0500 | 57 | halo/26 1230 | Apr 26/1312 | M7/2B | N17W31 | 9433 | |
| May 07/1915 | May 08/0755 | 30 | NW /07 1000 | NW limb | ||||
| June 15/1750 | June 16/0005 | 26 | W /15 1648 | W limb | ||||
| Aug 10/1020 | Aug 10/1155 | 17 | W /09 1030 | Aug 09/1122 | none/C3 | Disk Center | ||
| Aug 16/0135 | Aug 16/0355 | 493 | halo /15 2330 | none | far backside | |||
| Sep 15/1435 | Sep 15/1455 | 11 | SW /15 1154 | Sep 15/1128 | M1/1N | S21W49 | 9608 | |
| Sep 24/1215 | Sep 25/2235 | 12,900 | halo /24 1030 | Sep 24/1038 | X2/2B | S16E23 | 9632 | |
| Oct 01/1145 | Oct 02/0810 | 2360 | SW/01 0530 | Oct 01/0515 | M9 | S22W91 | 9628 | |
| Oct 19/2225 | Oct 19/2235 | 11 | halo /19 1650 | Oct 19/1630 | X1/2B | N15W29 | 9661 | |
| Oct 22/1910 | Oct 22/2130 | 24 | SE /22 1826 | Oct 22/1759 | X1/2B | S18E16 | 9672 | |
| Nov 04/1705 | Nov 06/0215 | 31,700 | halo /04 1635 | Nov 04/1620 | X1/3B | N06W18 | 9684 | |
| Nov 19/1230 | Nov 20/0010 | 34 | halo /17 0530 | Nov 17/0525 | M2/1N | S13E42 | 9704 | |
| Nov 22/2320 | Nov 24/0555 | 18,900 | halo /22 2330 | Nov 22/2330 | M9/2N | S15W34 | 9704 | |
| Dec 26/0605 | Dec 26/1115 | 779 | W /26 0530 | Dec 26/0540 | M7/1B | N08W54 | 9742 | |
| Dec 29/0510 | Dec 29/0815 | 76 | E /28 2006 | Dec 28/2045 | X3 | S26E90 | 9767 | |
| Dec 30/0245 | Dec 31/1620 | 108 | ||||||
| 2002 | ||||||||
| Jan 10/2045 | Jan 11/0530 | 91 | E /08 1754 | Jan 08/2025 | C9 | E limb | ||
| Jan 15/1435 | Jan 15/2000 | 15 | Halo /14 0525 | Jan 14/0627 | M4 | W limb | ||
| Feb 20/0730 | Feb 20/0755 | 13 | W /20 0630 | Feb 20/0612 | M5/1N | N12W72 | 9825 | |
| Mar 17/0820 | Mar 17/0850 | 13 | Halo /15 2306 | Mar 15/2310 | M2/1F | S08W03 | 9866 | |
| Mar 18/1300 | Mar 19/0650 | 53 | ||||||
| Mar 20/1510 | Mar 20/1525 | 19 | W /18 0254 | Mar 18/0231 | M1 | S09W46 | 9866 | |
| Mar 22/2020 | Mar 23/1320 | 16 | Halo /22 1106 | Mar 22/1114 | M1 | W limb | 9866 | |
| Apr 17/1530 | Apr 17/1540 | 24 | Halo /17 0826 | Apr 17/0824 | M2/2N | S14W34 | 9906 | |
| Apr 21/0225 | Apr 21/2320 | 2520 | Halo /21 0127 | Apr 21/0151 | X1/1F | S14W8 | 9906 | |
| May 22/1755 | May 23/1055 | 820 | Halo /22 0326 | May 22/0354 | C5/DSF | S19W56 | ||
| Jul 07/1830 | Jul 07/1955 | 22 | W /07 1106 | Jul 07/1143 | M1 | W limb | 10017 | |
| Jul 16/1750 | Jul 17/1600 | 234 | Halo /15 2030 | Jul 15/2008 | X3/3B | N19W01 | 10030 | |
| Jul 19/1050 | Jul 19/1515 | 13 | ||||||
| Jul 22/0655 | Jul 23/1025 | 28 | Halo /20 2042 | Jul 20/2130 | X3 | SE limb | 10039 | |
| Aug 14/0900 | Aug 14/1620 | 26 | NW /14 0206 | Aug 14/0212 | M2/1N | N09W54 | 10061 | |
| Aug 22/0440 | Aug 22/0940 | 36 | SW /4 0200 | Aug 22/0157 | M5/2B | S07W62 | 10069 | |
| Aug 24/0140 | Aug 24/0835 | 317 | W /24 0127 | Aug 24/0112 | X3/1F | S08W90 | 10069 | |
| Sep 07/0440 | Sep 07/1650 | 208 | Halo /05 1654 | Sep 05/1706 | C3/DSF | N09E28 | 10102 | |
| Nov 09/1920 | Nov 10/0540 | 404 | SW /09 1331 | Nov 09/1323 | M4/2B | S12W29 | 10180 | |
| 2003 | ||||||||
| May 28/2335 | May 29/1530 | 121 | Halo /28 0050 | May 28/0027 | X3/2B | S07W17 | 10365 | |
| May 31/0440 | May 31/0645 | 27 | W /31 0230 | May 31/0224 | M9/2B | S07W65 | 10365 | |
| Jun 18/2050 | June 19/0450 | 24 | Halo /17 2230 | Jun 17/2255 | M6 | S08E61 | 10386 | |
| Oct 26/1825 | Oct 26/2235 | 466 | Halo /26 1754 | Oct 26/1819 | X1/1N | N02W38 | 10484 | |
| Oct 28/1215 | Oct 29/0615 | 29500 | Halo /28 1054 | Oct 28/1110 | X17/4B | S16E08 | 10486 | |
| Nov 02/1105 | Nov 03/0815 | 1570 | Halo /02 0954 | |||||
| Nov 04/2225 | Nov 05/0600 | 353 | Halo /04 1954 | Nov 04/1929 | X28/3B | S19W83 | 10486 | |
| Nov 21/2355 | Nov 22/0230 | 13 | SW /21 0026 | Nov 20/2353 | M5/2B | N02W17 | 10501 | |
| Dec 02/1505 | Dec 02/1730 | 86 | Halo /02 1026 | Dec 02/0948 | C7 | W limb | ||
| 2004 | ||||||||
| Apr 11/1135 | Apr 11/1845 | 35 | SW /11 0430 | Apr 11/0419 | C9/1F | S14W47 | 10588 | |
| Jul 25/1855 | Jul 26/2250 | 2086 | Halo /25 1514 | Jul 25/1514 | M1/1F | N08W33 | 10652 | |
| Sep 13/2105 | Sep 14/0005 | 273 | Halo /12 0036 | Sep 12/0056 | M4/2N | N04E42 | 10672 | |
| Nov 01/0655 | Nov 01/0805 | 63 | W (farside) /01 0606 | |||||
| Nov 07/1910 | Nov 08/0115 | 495 | Halo /07 1706 | Nov 07 /1606 | X2 | N09W17 | 10696 | |
| 2005 | ||||||||
| Jan 16/0210[1] | Jan 17/1750 | 5040 | Halo /15 2306 | Jan 15/2302 | X2 | N15W05 | 10720 | |
| May 14/0525 | May 15/0240 | 3140 | Halo /13 1722 | May 13 | M8/2B | N12E11 | 10759 | |
| Jun 16/2200 | Jun 17/0500 | 44 | West /16 2003 | Jun 16/2022 | M4 | N09W87 | 10775 | |
| Jul 14/0245 | Jul 15/0345 | 134 | Halo /13 1430 | Jul 13/1449 | M5 | N10W80 | 10786 | |
| Jul 27/2300 | Jul 29/1715 | 41 | Halo /27 0454 | Jul 27/0502 | M3 | N11E90 | 10792 | |
| Aug 22/2040 | Aug 23/1045 | 330 | Halo /22 1730 | Aug 22/1727 | M5/1N | S12W60 | 10798 | |
| Sep 08/0215 | Sep 11/0425 | 1880 | East /07 1723 | Sep 07/1740 | X17/3B | S06E89 | 10808 | |
| 2006 | ||||||||
| Dec 06/1555 | Dec 07/1930 | 1980 | Halo | Dec 06/1035 | X9/2N | S07E79 | 10930 | |
| Dec 13/0310 | Dec 13/0925 | 698 | Halo /13 0254 | Dec 13/0240 | X3/4B | S05W23 | 10930 | |
| 2007 | ||||||||
| None | ||||||||
| 2008 | ||||||||
| None | ||||||||
| 2009 | ||||||||
| None | ||||||||
| 2010 | ||||||||
| Aug 14/1230 | Aug 14/1245 | 14 | West /14 1730 | Aug 14/1005 | C4/0F | N17W52 | 11099 | |
| 2011 | ||||||||
| Mar 08/0105 | Mar 08/0800 | 50 | NW /07 2000 | Mar 08/2012 | M3/Sf | N24W59 | 11164 | |
| Mar 21/1950 | Mar 22/0135 | 14 | NW /21 0236 | (farside) | 11169 | |||
| Jun 07/0820 | Jun 07/1820 | 72 | Halo /07 0803 | Jun 07/0641 | M2/2N | S21W64 | 11226 | |
| Aug 04/0635 | Aug 05/2150 | 96 | Halo /04 0412 | Aug 04/0357 | M9/2B | N15W49 | 11261 | |
| Aug 09/0845 | Aug 09/1210 | 26 | Halo /09 0812 | Aug 09/0805 | X6/2B | N17W83 | 11263 | |
| Sep 23/2255 | Sep 26/1155 | 35 | Halo (asymmetric) /22 1048 | Sep 22/1101 | X1/2N | N11E74 | 11302 | |
| Nov 26/1125 | Nov 27/0125 | 80 | Halo /26 0712 | Nov 26/0710 | C1/long duration | N08W49 | 11353 | |
| 2012 | ||||||||
| Jan 23/0530 | Jan 24/1530 | 6310 | Halo /23 0400 | Jan 23/0359 | M8/long duration | N28W36 | 11402 | |
| Jan 27/1905 | Jan 28/0205 | 796 | Halo /27 1827 | Jan 27/1837 | X1/long duration | N27W71 | 11402 | |
| Mar 07/0510 | Mar 08/1115 | 6530 | Halo /07 0036 | Mar 07/0024 | X5/3B | N17E15 | 11429 | |
Normalmente, las tormentas que conllevan flujo elevado de protones, no suelen manifestarse durante más de 48 horas, sin embargo en esta ocasión habamos de una excepción importante a tomar en consideración.
Diversos estudios científicos, ponen de relieve el efecto de estas tormentas sobre los campos geomagnéticos de la Tierra, entre otros, podemos destacar:
1.-Las tormentas de protones destruyen el Ozono.
El precedente lo tenemos en la tormenta solar de 14 a 16 de julio de 2000, en el que diversos análisis pusieron de relieve la incidencia sobre la capa de ozono. La razón está relacionada con el flujo de protones, tal y como podemos leer en este rescate de nuestra hemeroteca científica. La fuente: (Science Daily).
Curiosamente, el fenómeno ha sido de nuevo analizado recientemente tras los últimos eventos de la tormenta solar de 8 de marzo, donde ya se reconoce abiertamente que la actividad solar incide claramente en la modificación de los campos geomagnéticos terrestres como podemos confirmar en 08032012Physorg.
Para todos aquellos que aún sean escépticos de la relación existente entre el geomagnetismo, los movimientos sísmicos y climaticos y las tormentas solares, reproducimos aquí diferentes estudios publicados en los últimos dos meses, cuya lectura recomendamos:
| 1. | Perpendicular flow deviation in a magnetized counter-streaming plasma Jia, Y.-D. / Ma, Y.J. / Russell, C.T. / Lai, H.R. / Toth, G. / Gombosi, T.I., Icarus, 218 (2), p.895-905, Apr 2012 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2012.01.017 …solar wind interaction. Solar wind flow is in the + x -direction…shows the Lorentz force on the solar wind ions. The magnetic field…speed, r i g and r D g are the proton and dust gyro radius in the initial solar wind, respectively. Here the… | ||
 | Published journal article available from |  | |
| similar results | ||
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2. | Overview of energetic particle hazards during prospective manned missions to Mars McKenna-Lawlor, Susan / Gonçalves, P. / Keating, A. / Reitz, G. / Matthiä, D., Planetary and Space Science, 63-64, p.123-132, Apr 2012 doi:10.1016/j.pss.2011.06.017 …electrons and protons formed during…rays/energetic solar particles and…following geomagnetic storms and subsequently…environment, Ap8 for protons and Ae8 for electrons…30 days due to protons at each of the…the individual proton contributions…Viking site during solarminimum and 6… | ||
| Published journal article available from | | |
| similar results | ||
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3. | Role of solar X-ray flares and CME in the E region ionosphere of Mars: MGS observations Haider, S.A., Planetary and Space Science, 63-64, p.56-61, Apr 2012 doi:10.1016/j.pss.2011.11.007 …this violent solar eruption event. The solar wind protons are combined…component. These proton–hydrogen atoms…where auroral stormswere recorded…accelerated proton induced electron…quiet condition solar wind protons have provided… | ||
| Published journal article available from | | |
| similar results | ||
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4. | Global electric circuit modulation of winter cyclone vorticity in the northern high latitudes Hebert, Leo, III / Tinsley, Brian A. / Zhou, Limin, Advances in Space Research, In Press, Accepted Manuscript,Mar 2012 doi:10.1016/j.asr.2012.03.002 …latitude thunderstorms; solar wind modulation of…conductivity due to solar proton events. The onset times…as a result of the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction…particles (primarily protons) from solar disturbances…discussed for barotrophic storms by Rosenfeld et al… | ||
| Published journal article available from | | |
| similar results | ||
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5. | Magnetospheric disturbances associated with the 13 December 2006 solar flare and their ionospheric effects over North-East Asia Zolotukhina, N. / Polekh, N. / Kurkin, V. / Pirog, O. / Samsonov, S. / Moiseyev, A., Advances in Space Research, 49 (5), p.883-897, Mar 2012 doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.11.038 …The 4B-class solar flare occurred in…intensification of proton (0.8…of ionospheric storms (response…longitude, season, solar activity, time…of ionospheric storms, and clarify…processes among the solar wind, the outer magnetosphere…high-energy protons emitted by… | ||
| Published journal article available from | | |
| similar results | ||
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6. | Characterization of the particle radiation environment at three potential landing sites on Mars using ESA’s MEREM models McKenna-Lawlor, S. / Gonçalves, P. / Keating, A. / Morgado, B. / Heynderickx, D. / Nieminen, P. / Santin, G. / (…) / Balaz, J., Icarus, 218 (1), p.723-734, Mar 2012 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.04.004 …solar wind at the time of solar maximum. 4.2 Flare related SEPs Significant solar flares not only generate…GeV/nucleon). These SolarEnergetic Particles…are mostly composed of protons and electrons with, in…and to display an high proton content. Although… | ||
| Published journal article available from | | |
| similar results | ||
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7. | TriTel 3 dimensional space dosimetric telescope in the European Student Earth Orbiter project of ESA Zábori, Balázs / Hirn, Attila, Acta Astronautica, 71, p.20-31, Feb 2012 doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2011.08.010 …and the effects of solar activity…cosmic rays, the solar cosmic rays and…and AE-8 trapped proton and electron…particles (mainly protonsand electrons…important source is the solar wind, which contains…interaction, the magnetic storms or the anomalies… | ||
| Published journal article available from | | |
| similar results | ||
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8. | On radiation belt dynamics during magnetic storms Lazutin, L.L., Advances in Space Research, 49 (2), p.302-315, Jan 2012 doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.09.015 …but during strong magnetic storms they are also affected by…equally affects electrons and protons. Additional changes of the protonradiation belt are created by the solar cosmic rays. During strong storms solar protons penetrate into the inner… | ||
| Published journal article available from | | |
| similar results | ||
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9. | Chapter IID-2 – Operation of Solar Cells in a Space Environment Bailey, Sheila / Raffaelle, Ryne, Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics, Jan 2012 ISBN:9780123859341 …therefore variations in proton flux can be as…of the orbit. Protons can also reach…line but then the protons must diffuse through the solarcorona before they…isotropic. The trapped proton population is also…Magnetic solar storms can raise the… | ||
| Published journal article available from | | |
| similar results | ||
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10. | The role of volcanic aerosols and relativistic electrons in modulating winter storm vorticity Tinsley, Brian A. / Zhou, Limin / Liu, Weiping, Advances in Space Research, In Press, Corrected Proof,Dec 2011 doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.12.019 …hemisphere winter storms, measured by the…VAI, at times that solar wind…context of winter storms with significant…links between thesolar wind, the REF, J…updrafts in winter storms. Whereas previous…shown to respond to solar wind changes causing J z changes… | ||
| Published journal article available from | | |
| similar results | ||
Especialmente interesnte es el estudio que realizan Tinsley, Brian A. Zhou, Limin y Liu, Weiping, en el que claramente explican las interacciones entre los flujos de partículas y las cargas de la Ionosfera.
Pero sin duda alguna, lo más relevante de este tipo de tormentas, corresponde a la innegable posibilidad de analizar las ondas gravitacionales o pulsos “G” que se manifiestan en las tormentas de larga duración.
La medición de estos eventos ha sido realizada por diversos equipos de científicos nórdicos, predominantemente en Suecia y Noruega en los últimos años, y actualmente muestran sus resultados detalladamente por medición ,equipo y lugar de procedencia.
Seguidamente facilitamos un detalle de equipos y resultados detallados:
1.-Listado de estudios detallados: Relación de estudios.
2.-Relación de Investigadores interesados y participantes en los estudios.
Saquen sus propias conclusiones.
StarViewerTeam International 2012.
